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''Judenrat'' (plural: ''Judenräte''; German for "Jewish council") was a widely used administrative agency imposed by Nazi Germany during World War II, predominantly within the ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe, and the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland. The Nazi German administration required Jews to form a ''Judenrat'' in every community across the occupied territories.〔 The ''Judenrat'' constituted a form of self-enforcing intermediary, used by the Nazi administration to control larger Jewish communities in occupied areas. The Germans also implemented the name Jewish Council of Elders (''Jüdischen Ältestenrat'' or ''Ältestenrat der Juden'') in some ghettos, as in the Łódź Ghetto, and in Theresienstadt or in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. While the history of the term ''Judenrat'' itself is unclear, Jewish communities themselves had established councils for self-government as far back as the Medieval Era. While the Hebrew term of ''Kahal'' (קהל) or ''Kehillah'' (קהילה) was used by the Jewish community, German authorities generally tended to use the term ''Judenräte''. ==Nazi considerations of Jewish legal status== The structure and missions of the ''Judenräte'' under the Nazi regime varied widely, often depending upon whether meant for a single ghetto, a city or a whole region. Jurisdiction over a whole country, as in Nazi Germany, was maintained by ''Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland'' (Reich's Association of the Jews in Germany) established on 4 July 1939. In the beginning of April 1933, shortly after the National Socialist government took power, a report by a German governmental commission was presented on fighting the Jews. This report recommended the creation of a recognized 'Association of Jews in Germany' (''Verband der Juden in Deutschland''), to which all Jews in Germany would be forced to associate. Then, appointed by the Reichskanzler, a German People's Ward was to assume responsibility of this group. As the leading Jewish organization, it was envisioned that this association would have a 25-member council called the ''Judenrat''. However, the report was not officially acted upon. The Israeli historian Dan Michman found it likely that the commission, which considered the legal status and interactions of Jews and non-Jews before their emancipation, reached back to the Medieval Era for the term ''Judenräte''. This illuminates the apparent intent to make the Jewish emancipation and assimilation invalid, and so return Jews to the status they held during the Medieval Era. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Judenrat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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